HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the body's immune system, specifically targeting CD4 cells (T-helper cells) which are crucial for fighting infections. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, occurring when the immune system becomes severely damaged and the body can no longer fight off opportunistic infections and diseases.
HIV gradually weakens the immune system by destroying CD4 cells, making it increasingly difficult for the body to defend against infections, cancers, and other diseases. Without treatment, HIV can progress to AIDS, but with proper antiretroviral therapy, people with HIV can maintain healthy immune function and live normal lifespans.
HIV is transmitted through specific bodily fluids including blood, semen, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, and breast milk. Common transmission routes include:
According to recent data, approximately 29,000 Australians are living with HIV, with around 900 new diagnoses each year. The majority of new infections occur among men who have sex with men, though rates have declined due to effective prevention and treatment programmes.
Early HIV detection is crucial for optimal health outcomes. When diagnosed and treated early, people with HIV can achieve an undetectable viral load, which means they cannot sexually transmit the virus to others and can maintain excellent health.
Several HIV testing options are available across Australia, including rapid point-of-care tests that provide results within 20 minutes, laboratory-based tests, and home testing kits. The most common tests detect HIV antibodies, antigens, or genetic material (RNA) in blood, saliva, or urine samples.
HIV testing is widely accessible throughout Australia at various locations:
HIV test results are typically reported as either reactive (positive) or non-reactive (negative). A reactive result requires confirmatory testing, whilst a negative result during the window period may need follow-up testing. Healthcare providers will explain results and discuss next steps, including immediate linkage to care for positive results.
The window period is the time between HIV infection and when tests can reliably detect the virus. This varies by test type, ranging from 10 days for RNA tests to 12 weeks for antibody tests. Follow-up testing may be recommended if exposure occurred during the window period.
All HIV testing in Australia is conducted with strict confidentiality protections. Support services are available before and after testing, including counselling, peer support programmes, and connections to specialist HIV services for ongoing care and treatment.
Australia offers comprehensive HIV treatment through the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), ensuring accessible antiretroviral therapy for all diagnosed individuals. Modern HIV treatment has transformed the condition from a life-threatening illness to a manageable chronic condition when properly treated.
Antiretroviral therapy remains the gold standard for HIV treatment in Australia. ART works by targeting different stages of the HIV lifecycle, preventing the virus from replicating and allowing the immune system to recover. The goal is to achieve an undetectable viral load, which means the person cannot transmit HIV to others (U=U: Undetectable = Untransmittable).
Australian healthcare providers utilise four main classes of antiretroviral medications:
Modern HIV treatment typically involves combination therapy using medications from different classes. Single-tablet regimens (STRs) have revolutionised treatment adherence, with popular combinations including Atripla, Genvoya, and Biktarvy available through Australian pharmacies.
Consistent medication adherence is crucial for treatment success. Taking HIV medications as prescribed ensures viral suppression, prevents drug resistance, and maintains immune system health. Australian HIV specialists work closely with patients to identify suitable regimens that fit individual lifestyles whilst maximising therapeutic outcomes.
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective HIV prevention method available to individuals at high risk of HIV infection. In Australia, PrEP medications such as Truvada and Descovy are available through the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), making them accessible and affordable. These daily medications can reduce the risk of HIV transmission by up to 99% when taken consistently. PrEP is recommended for individuals with HIV-positive partners, those with multiple sexual partners, or people who engage in high-risk activities.
Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is an emergency HIV prevention treatment that must be started within 72 hours of potential exposure to HIV. Available at hospital emergency departments and sexual health clinics across Australia, PEP involves taking HIV medications for 28 days. The sooner PEP is initiated after exposure, the more effective it becomes in preventing HIV infection.
Implementing safe practices remains crucial in HIV prevention. This includes consistent condom use, regular STI testing, limiting the number of sexual partners, and avoiding sharing needles or other drug equipment. Australian health authorities recommend combining multiple prevention strategies for optimal protection against HIV transmission.
Modern HIV medications are generally well-tolerated, but some individuals may experience side effects. Common side effects can include nausea, fatigue, or changes in mood. Working closely with your healthcare team and pharmacist ensures proper medication management and adjustment when necessary. Most side effects are manageable and often improve over time as your body adjusts to treatment.
Regular health monitoring is essential for people living with HIV. This includes routine blood tests to monitor viral load, CD4 cell counts, and overall health markers. Australian HIV treatment guidelines recommend regular check-ups every three to six months, depending on individual circumstances and treatment response.
Living with HIV can impact mental health and wellbeing. Australia offers comprehensive support services including:
HIV medications are subsidised under Australia's PBS, significantly reducing costs for patients. Most HIV treatments, including combination therapies and newer medications, are available at standard PBS prices. This ensures that effective HIV treatment remains accessible regardless of financial circumstances.
HIV medications require prescription from authorised prescribers, typically HIV specialists or experienced general practitioners. Initial treatment usually involves consultation with an HIV specialist, though ongoing care can often be managed through shared care arrangements with your regular GP. Australian pharmacies provide comprehensive medication management services, including adherence support, drug interaction checking, and regular medication reviews to optimise treatment outcomes.
